Human Papillomavirus (HPV) can cause significant complications, but did you know it might influence fertility? Although HPV does not directly prevent a woman from conceiving, cervical lesions or cervical cancer caused by the virus could affect her reproductive capacity. In men, there is evidence that HPV may alter sperm quality, although the data remain limited.
What is HPV and how does it affect female fertility?
In general, HPV does not prevent conception, but if it causes cervical changes or cervical cancer, fertility can be affected. Procedures such as conization or LEEP remove affected tissue and can alter cervical mucus, making it harder for sperm to pass. Chemotherapy or radiotherapy used for cancer can reduce ovarian reserve.
HPV detection is done through Pap smears and viral DNA tests. If abnormalities are found, colposcopy and biopsy guide treatment. Do not self-medicate; always consult your doctor.
Can HPV affect male fertility?
Some studies show that HPV can adhere to sperm, reduce motility, and increase DNA fragmentation. A 2011 article in Fertility and Sterility found lower progressive motility and higher early embryo loss in HPV-positive samples.
If you have a persistent infection, consult a fertility specialist before making any treatment or medication decisions.
Assisted reproductive technologies and HPV
In vitro fertilization (IVF) is an option for couples with HPV. Although some studies report slightly lower implantation and pregnancy rates, techniques such as sperm washing and embryo culture help reduce viral load. Talk to your embryologist to design a personalized protocol.
More information at Vaginal Infections and Their Impact on Female Fertility.
HPV vaccination and fertility
The HPV vaccine prevents high-risk strains associated with lesions and cervical cancer. There is no evidence it harms ovarian function or fertility; by protecting you from the virus, you also safeguard your reproductive health.
Vaccination is recommended up to age 26, and in some cases up to 45. Consult your doctor to choose the best timing.
Preventive measures and screening tests
Use condoms in every sexual encounter and get your screening tests: Pap smear every 3 years or co-testing (Pap smear plus HPV DNA test) every 5 years between ages 30 and 65. Early detection of HPV-related changes allows for less invasive treatments and better fertility outcomes.
Don’t forget booster doses if needed. For more pregnancy and HPV tips, visit HPV and Pregnancy: What You Should Know.
Frequently Asked Questions
Can HPV Be Eliminated on Its Own and Restore Fertility?
Yes. The immune system usually clears low-risk strains within 12–24 months without causing permanent cervical damage. If no lesions appear, fertility remains intact.
High-risk strains can cause lesions that require treatment. Early follow-up reduces the risk of invasive procedures.
Lifestyle Changes That Support Fertility with HPV
A diet rich in antioxidants (vitamins C and E, folate), regular exercise, good rest, and stress-reduction techniques (yoga, meditation) strengthen reproductive health.
Avoid smoking and limit alcohol, as they promote HPV persistence and affect fertility.
How Long After Treatment Can I Try to Conceive?
After conservative treatments (LEEP, cryotherapy), wait 3 to 6 months to allow cervical healing and reduce preterm birth risk.
If you undergo aggressive treatments or chemotherapy, your specialist will assess your ovarian reserve and may recommend egg or embryo freezing before starting.
Is Assisted Reproduction Safe If I Have HPV?
Yes. Clinics use sperm or embryo washing and careful culture protocols to minimize viral load. Ask about success rates and additional steps with your specialist.
Sources
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023). HPV and Cancer. https://www.cdc.gov/hpv/
- Münger, K., & Howley, P. M. (2002). Human papillomavirus immortalization and transformation functions. Virus Research, 89(2), 213–228.
- MedlinePlus. (2022). Human Papillomavirus (HPV). https://medlineplus.gov/hpv.html
- World Health Organization. (2021). Human papillomavirus (HPV) and cervical cancer. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/human-papillomavirus-(hpv)-and-cervical-cancer
We know this journey can raise questions and mixed emotions. You are not alone: every case is unique and solvable. Reach out to an assisted reproduction specialist for personalized guidance and professional support.